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📄 Technical Whitepaper

QuantumBit Mine (QBM) - Decentralized L1 Blockchain

📑 Table of Contents

📌 Abstract

QuantumBit Mine (QBM) is a decentralized Layer-1 blockchain built on the CryptoNote protocol, designed for fair CPU mining, maximum privacy, and resilience against modern attack vectors. The project has undergone deep core modernization to ensure network stability under volatile hashrate conditions.

Unlike outdated forks, QBM abandons Simple Moving Average (SMA) difficulty adjustment in favor of the advanced Zawy LWMA v6 algorithm, providing instant reaction to hashrate fluctuations and protection against Flash Mining attacks.

Key Innovation: QBM implements a multi-layered "Defense in Depth" security model, combining hard limits, economic penalties, and reorg protection to create a robust, spam-resistant network that maintains decentralization without sacrificing performance.

🧠 1. Consensus & Difficulty

The network's consensus mechanism is powered by RandomX v16, a proof-of-work algorithm optimized for general-purpose CPUs, ensuring ASIC resistance and equal mining opportunities for all participants.

➤ RandomX v16 Algorithm

➤ Zawy LWMA v6 Difficulty Adjustment

Core Function: get_next_difficulty_zawy_lwma()

Traditional difficulty algorithms (like Simple Moving Average) fail under Flash Mining attacks, where massive hashrate temporarily enters the network, mines blocks rapidly, then disappears—leaving the network "frozen" with impossibly high difficulty.

QBM Solution: LWMA v6 recalculates difficulty on every block using linear weighted averaging over a 60-block window. This provides:

  • Instant Response: Network adapts within minutes, not hours
  • Stable Block Time: Maintains 60-second target even with 50% hashrate swings
  • Flash Mining Protection: Prevents difficulty manipulation attacks

🛡️ 2. Network Security & Anti-Spam

QBM implements a comprehensive "Defense in Depth" security model with multiple layers of protection to safeguard nodes and prevent blockchain bloat.

➤ Bloatware Protection

Core Constant: CRYPTONOTE_MAX_TX_SIZE (Hard Limit)

A strict 150 KB limit is enforced on individual transaction size. This prevents spam attacks using oversized transactions that could exponentially grow the blockchain database, overwhelming node storage and bandwidth.

➤ Economic Penalty System

Core Function: get_block_reward (Dynamic Penalty)

Base Block Size: 300 KB (CRYPTONOTE_BLOCK_GRANTED_FULL_REWARD_ZONE_V5)

Mechanism: The base block size of 300 KB represents the "golden standard" for high throughput. If a miner creates a block exceeding this size, a quadratic penalty formula is triggered.

Result: Block reward decreases proportionally (up to 0%), making spam attacks economically unprofitable for attackers.

➤ Transaction Finalization

Core Function: is_reorg_limit_exceeded

Security Notice: The combination of LWMA difficulty adjustment, transaction size limits, and reorg protection creates a resilient network that can withstand coordinated attacks while maintaining fast confirmation times.

📊 3. Tokenomics & Emission

QBM employs a fair distribution model with no hidden premines or ICO allocations. Emission begins from the genesis block and follows a predictable, transparent schedule.

➤ Emission Model

Premine 0 QBM - Fair launch
Initial Block Reward 10 QBM
Current Block Reward ~9.994 QBM (decreasing)
Tail Emission 1 QBM per block (permanent)
Block Time 60 seconds
Emission Curve Smooth decay from 10 → 1 QBM over ~5 years

➤ Tail Emission Rationale

Core Constant: FINAL_SUBSIDY_PER_MINUTE = 1 QBM

Why Tail Emission? After the main emission curve completes, the block reward stabilizes at 1 QBM per block forever. This ensures:

  • Long-Term Security: Miners remain incentivized to secure the network in 10, 50, and 100 years
  • Predictable Inflation: Stable, low inflation rate (~0.8% annually after 5 years)
  • No Fee Dependency: Network security doesn't rely solely on transaction fees
  • Economic Sustainability: Continuous incentive prevents hashrate collapse

➤ Fee Structure

The combination of smooth emission decay and permanent tail emission creates a balanced economic model that ensures both short-term distribution fairness and long-term network sustainability.

👥 4. Privacy & Scalability

QBM inherits the battle-tested privacy features of the CryptoNote protocol, enhanced with modern cryptographic optimizations for scalability.

➤ Ring Signatures

Core Function: check_ring_signature

➤ Bulletproofs+ (BP+)

Core Constant: BULLETPROOF_PLUS_MAX_OUTPUTS = 64

Advanced Feature: QBM supports up to 64 outputs per transaction using the optimized Bulletproofs+ range proof system.

  • Compact Proofs: Logarithmic size scaling keeps transactions small
  • Mass Payouts: Mining pools can pay 64 miners in a single transaction
  • Cost Efficient: Lower fees for batch payments compared to individual transactions
  • Privacy Preserved: All amounts remain hidden despite multiple recipients

➤ Stealth Addresses

➤ Confidential Transactions

All transaction amounts are encrypted using Pedersen commitments, ensuring:

Privacy Notice: QBM implements privacy by default, not as an optional feature. This creates a uniform anonymity set where all users benefit from the same level of protection.

🛠️ 5. Infrastructure

QBM provides a complete, production-ready software stack for autonomous operation and decentralized mining.

➤ Core Software

➤ Network Architecture

P2P Protocol CryptoNote P2P with enhanced peer discovery
Default P2P Port 19091
RPC Port 19093, 19095
P2Pool Stratum 3333 (default)
Seed Nodes Multiple geographical locations for resilience

➤ Decentralized Mining

P2Pool Integration: QBM fully supports P2Pool, a decentralized mining protocol that:

📋 6. Technical Specifications

Core Parameters

Consensus Algorithm RandomX v16 (CPU-only PoW)
Block Time 60 seconds (target average)
Difficulty Algorithm Zawy LWMA v6 (60-block window)
Block Reward 10 → 1 QBM (smooth decay)
Tail Emission 1 QBM/block (permanent)
Max TX Size 150 KB (hard limit)
Base Block Size 300 KB (penalty-free zone)
Max Outputs 64 (Bulletproofs+)
Reorg Limit 60 blocks (51% attack protection)
Address Prefix "Q" (97 characters total)
Ring Size Mandatory mixin (enforced privacy)
Transaction Fee ~0.0007 QBM (dynamic)

Network Ports

P2P Network 19091
RPC Interface 19093, 19095
P2Pool Stratum 3333

🎯 Conclusion

QuantumBit Mine (QBM) represents a modernized approach to decentralized cryptocurrency, combining the proven privacy of CryptoNote with cutting-edge difficulty adjustment and anti-spam mechanisms.

Key Achievements:

  • ASIC Resistance: RandomX v16 ensures fair CPU mining for all participants
  • Network Stability: Zawy LWMA v6 provides instant hashrate adaptation
  • Economic Security: Multi-layer protection against spam and bloat attacks
  • Privacy by Default: Mandatory ring signatures and confidential transactions
  • Long-Term Sustainability: Tail emission guarantees perpetual mining incentives
  • Decentralized Mining: Full P2Pool support eliminates centralization risks

By addressing the shortcomings of legacy implementations while preserving the core principles of decentralization and privacy, QBM establishes itself as a robust Layer-1 blockchain capable of serving as a foundation for fair, accessible cryptocurrency mining.

For implementation details, source code review, and community discussions, visit our GitHub repository and join the Telegram community.